Engineering and Teton Dam

Introduction Engineering is an important part of human existence. It may not be obvious at first but once the term engineering is defined as the manipulation of the natural environment through scientific means, its value is made more evident. Even in pre-historic times, ancient peoples rely on engineering feats to solve their problems. But in the modern world engineering has become an indispensable tool for human survival.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Engineering and Teton Dam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The importance of engineering is linked to technology and innovation. Most of the time, innovation and technology is a positive development in the lives of people. But in certain occasions the inappropriate use of innovation and technology has brought more harm than good. In cases of man-made disasters, scientists, investigators and various stakeholders attempt to understand the engineering aspec t of the application of the said technology. In this particular study the Teton Dam disaster is the object of inquiry. Before going any further it is important to reiterate that engineering innovation is a key to sustainable growth. Engineering innovation can be the main difference between the survival or the demise of a firm. Organizations that did not invest in the research, development and use of engineering innovation may find themselves in the brink of obsolescence or bankruptcy. Some of the more important companies in the last fifty years understood the importance of engineering innovation. There must be a continuous move forward when it comes to engineering innovation because according to experts in this field, it has become a survival imperative (Christensen, 2001). The same thing can be said about national governments and local communities. It is critically important for a city, state, and nation to look ahead and prepare for the inevitable. But more often than not, enginee ring innovation is the by-product of a need to solve a particular problem. In the case of the State of Idaho and the town of Rexburg, engineering innovation was needed to deal with the growing needs of an expanding township. In the latter part of the 19th century, settlers began to pour into the area near Idaho falls because of the discovery of gold (McDonald, 2006, p.9). One of the locations chosen to build a town to support the gold prospecting activities in the said region is Rexburg. For many decades the local residents contributed to the success of the area and agriculture became the region’s lifeblood (McDonald, 2006, p.9).Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It did not take long before the region became known for the abundant harvest of wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes (McDonald, 2006, p.9). But with the success of the settlement also comes the inevitable problems related to sustainability. Thus, there came a time when the need for a dam was deemed a necessity. Teton Dam In 1964 the U.S. Congress approved the construction of the Teton Dam on the Teton River located in the southeast portion of Idaho (Williamson, 1997, p. 31). The purpose of the dam was for the benefit of the residents living in the area. The goal was to complete an engineering feat that would help control the chronic flooding as well as to provide irrigation and recreational facilities for the people living in the area. The construction of the said dam was started in 1972. But the necessary preparation was made years before the first construction material was brought to the site. When the dam was completed the people marveled at the fact that the structure was 305 feet high and the base was almost 1,700 feet thick (Williamson, 1997). After the completion of the project the homeowners and farmers placed their trust on the Teton Dam and as a result many of them cancelled their flood insurance (Williamson, 1997, p. 311). They were confident that the presence of the dam has eliminated the possibility of further flooding. But they were mistaken. A competent engineer should have been contracted by the residents to determine if the Teton Dam was impervious to leaks and other structural problems that could bring about the destruction of dam. They needed to find out if the dam can protect life and property. The Disaster The dam was designed to hold significant amounts of water. It would require massive and impervious structure to contain the potential energy contained in the daily impounding of free-flowing water from the Teton River. Seepage, cracks and other minor imperfections must be corrected because these insignificant failures can be multiplied after the passage of time. In the case of the Teton Dam, the engineers and workers were unable to fix the problems in time. The cracks became unmanageable until it resulted in the total destruction of the said dam. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Engineering and Teton Dam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are three main reasons why the dam failed. First, there was an urgent need to build a dam for the sake of the community that lives nearby. It can be argued that the urgency forced many to shortcut the process. In other words engineers, surveyors, politicians and other stakeholders were pressed for time to complete the dam. The second major reason is the failure of the government agency and the surveying team to properly acknowledge the importance of the geological features of the Teton River. Subsequent investigations would reveal that the dam was constructed in an area composed mostly of volcanic rocks such as rhyolite. It is a type of rock that is lightweight and easily fractured (Ellingwood Kanda, 2005). The third major reason is the absence of an independent consultant that can provide an unbiased asse ssment of the site and the overall design of the dam. In June of 1976 the reservoir was nearly full and it should have been a cause for alarm but all the stakeholders were confident that the dam was built to withstand that kind of pressure. But a week later on June 5, 1976 a worker spotted two cracks in the dam and this was followed by another large leak two hours later (Williamson, 1997, p. 312). Water seepage was already observed in the days prior but engineers knew that water seepage is a usual occurrence in dams (McDonald, 2006, p. 30). However, there should have been a system in place that could have accurately interpreted the implications of a 40 gallons per minute of water seepage. The absence of monitoring capabilities and risk assessment in the case of a water seepage was a serious weakness in the overall design of the said facility. It was a Saturday morning and therefore many residents were outside their homes as they try to enjoy the weekend. While many were enjoying the water downstream, dam authorities were trying to use bulldozers to push earth into the widening gaps of the Teton Dam. But when the workers realized the futility of their actions they left their bulldozers as strong currents began to wash away the heavy machineries.Advertising Looking for research paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The officials of Teton Dam initiated an evacuation that was considered unnecessary in the previous months. As a result they only had less than an hour to warn the residents of Wilford and Sugar City, the communities that were directly in the path of the rampaging floods (Williamson, 1997, p. 312). Eleven people died and the houses of residents were devastated. Engineering The disaster that occurred at Teton Dam is a man-made disaster. There can be many factors such as the destruction of the environment and human errors. But the root cause is a fundamental problem when it comes to engineering. It is therefore important to take a closer look at how engineering is perceived by people and engineers themselves. It is therefore surprising to find out that there is no agreement when it comes to its definition. According to one view, engineering has something to do with design (Poel, Goldberg, Davis, 2010). This idea makes sense because nothing can function properly without an appropriate design. For instance, a sports car can only achieve extraordinary speeds not only because it has a big engine but because of the other design considerations. It is important to consider design factors such as weight of the engine, its structural design that enable it to burn fuel at the most cost-efficient rate and of course the overall design of the car that enables it to deal with the effects of drag. Another insightful definition is given by another group who asserted that engineering is â€Å"the transformation of the natural world, using scientific principles and mathematics, in order to achieve some desired practical end† (Poel, Goldberg, Davis, 2010, p.3). This definition fits well with the current analysis of the Teton Dam disaster. In the case of the Teton Dam engineering requirements should not be limited with the design of the dam but also the need to determine if the construction site is suitable for the design of the project. A well-conceived design is useless i f the geological features of the river is seen as inappropriate and therefore making it a risky proposition to build a dam. A good way to understand a perfect strategy to construct a dam is to study successful projects in order to compare their methods with those of the experts. In the case of dam construction one of the standards in preparation, design and construction is the Hoover Dam. An overview of the construction process will reveal that the engineers working on this project did not leave anything to chance. Their preparation includes site studies to know more about the lay of the land as well as to determine the logistical requirements of moving men and materials to the site (Wolf 6). In other words the engineers conceived the project from beginning to end. Going back to the discussion on engineering innovation it is important to realize that the work of the engineers must not end with the creation of a solution to a particular problem. In this case the construction of the T eton Dam was the answer to chronic flooding and the need for irrigation reserve. But the job of the engineers must not end right after the turnover of the project to the local officials and the residents. Engineering innovation must be constant feature of their work. In this case engineering innovation is needed to sustain the project, specifically to develop strategies to ensure that it will not rendered useless through human error and natural calamities. It is easy to understand why the engineers did not think beyond the construction phase of the project. It requires a motivated team and motivated leader to push through with any type of project that would lead to innovation (Tidd Bessant, 2009, p.100). At the same time the engineers working at Teton Dam must have the support of a group of investors and policy makers that would encourage them to pursue their goals. Conclusion The Teton Dam disaster is a man-made disaster that could have been prevented if appropriate engineering pr ocedures were observed. There was not enough preparation made in order to ensure the viability of the project. The stakeholders wanted to construct a dam on the Teton River because they believed that it was beneficial for all that were involved in the endeavor. It can be argued that the project was approved without consulting the opinion of a third party consultant. An unbiased assessment of the site would reveal that the geological features of the area could not handle the weight created by super-sized structure like the Teton Dam. Furthermore, it must be pointed out that engineers must not only come up with appropriate designs, they must also consider the possibility of failure. Human error must never be discounted and therefore, engineers, in collaboration of the other stakeholders should have developed an emergency disaster response. At the same time engineers should have created a monitoring capability that can provide feedback with regards to water seepage and the existence of cracks. This monitoring system should be able to determine the acceptable threshold before a dam would break. References Christensen, C. et al. (2001). Harvard Business Review on Innovation. MA: Harvard Business School Publishing. Ellingwood, B., Kanda, J. (2005). Structural safety and its quality assurance. VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. McDonald, D. (2006). The Teton Dam disaster. CA: Arcadia Publishing. Poel, I., Goldberg, D., Davis, M. (2010). Philosophy and engineering: an emerging  agenda. New York: Springer. Tidd, J. J. Bessant. (2009). Managing Innovation, Integrating Technological,  Ã‚  Market Organizational. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Williamson, D. (1997). River tales of Idaho. ID: Caxton Printers. Wolf, D. (1996). Big Dams and Other Dreams: The Six Companies Story. OK: University ofOklahoma Press. 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buy custom Antenatal Care essay This essay is based on a case study (attached in the appendix) and basically examines the care given to a woman through her pregnancy to the time she gives birth. The case study involves a complication (episiotomy) and throughout the essay an effort is made to refer to the case study showing the relevance of what is being discussed to the case study. The essay is structured into three parts: the antenatal care, the post partum period and the post natal care. Many changes are experienced during pregnancy. The changes are mainly hormonal and according to Dr. Cullin (2009, par. 1) include, enlargement of the uterus, nipples and breasts and gaining of weight (Cullin par. 1). Other changes may include reduction in sexual desire, constipation, aches and pains in the abdomen and lower back, skin texture change, nausea or vomiting, heartburn, tiredness and other discomforts which have not been experienced before. In most case pregnancies proceed without many complexities. However care should be taken to ensure that pregnancy proceeds in the correct manner to avoid later development of complexions due to oversights which were made early on. Some of the warnings to look out for include: sudden weight gain for instance two pounds within one day severe swelling of the ankles, feet or face severe or frequent headaches which are quite persistent fainting, flashes of light, and blurred vision burning or pain during urinating a sudden feeling of thirst dramatic decrease or increase in urination vaginal bleeding (light) and sometimes unusual discharge Pregnant women ought to look for the light signs which indicate slight problems as well as those which indicate serious problems. One such sign indicating big complexity likely to occur is the occurrence of premature labour. The signs for premature labour include: strong uterine contraction every 10 minutes or less; the lower abdomen experiencing menstrual-like cramps repetitively; pelvic pressure which gives a feeling of the fetus pushing down; and sudden water breakings. The pregnant mother ought to take precaution against some substances which may affect the fetus which and not limited to teratogenic agents. Toralles et al., (2009, p. 1) defines teratogenic agents as, physical, chemical, or biological agents or nutrient deficiencies that lead to fetal structural or functional alterations (Toralles et al. p. 1). They argue that pregnant mothers ought to be sensitized on the effects of these agents on the developement of the pregnancy, the delivery process, and the post natal care for both the baby and the mother. Pregnant mothers should desist from the use of stimulants and foods which are not advisable to be used during pregnancy. This way, chances of developing complications are reduced (Pillitteri, 2007, p. 198; Toralles et al. p. 1). Buy custom Antenatal Care essay

The history of tequila in mexico Research Paper

The history of tequila in mexico - Research Paper Example Known as the tree of miracles, the Agave plant is the only source of Tequila drink (Earth Bar Magazine 1) where it takes about nine years for an agave plant to be ready for harvesting, processing, and distilling to make the Tequila drink. The history of Tequila in Mexico confirms that the drink is a symbol of cultural heritage with a cultural significance that supersedes the status of alcoholic beverage (James 1). The process that produces Tequila represents a cultural blend as it defines the indigenous Prehispanic culture of Jalisco, Mexico and the emergence of the Spanish distillation process (Festa 1). This marked a Spanish and Mexican cultural blend (James 1). This cultural blend has passed to the current generation where the production and consumption of Tequila in Mexico portrays a cultural blend. The ancient tribe of Mexico, the Aztecs, the Chichimecans, the Otomies, the Toltecan’s, and the Nahuatls who drank beverages made from the Agave plant initiated the history of the Tequila in Mexico (Earth Bar Magazine 1). Indeed, the Aztecs were the first people to ferment sap from the local agave plants that made Tequila in the pre-Hispanic times (La Cava del Tequila 1). On the other hand, the Nahuatl’s worshipped the Agave plant that made Tequila (Earth Bar Magazine 1). The blue agave plant that produces sugar that later forms Tequila is native to northwestern state of Jalisco (Earth Bar Magazine 1). The arrival of the Spaniards in Tequila, which is in a region of Techinchan in the old Aztec Empire and Jalisco state of Mexico, led to the introduction of the European influence on Tequila (Earth Bar Magazine 1). In the 1000 B.C the Mayan and Aztec leaders produced and consumed pulque, which was North Americas first known alcoholic beverage (La Cava del Tequila 1). The Mayan and Aztec leaders made the pulque drink from the fermented maguey plant’s sap (La Cava del Tequila 1). The

E-Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Business strategy - Essay Example Starbucks Company also has an information technology department that incepted its first website in 1998. This use of website has enabled the company slowly embrace and transact with e-commerce. In the year 2000, Starbucks Company managed to upgrade its server system to the Microsoft Commerce server 2000, which led to a remarkable improvement witnessed in its online service delivery. The Company has continually embraced e-commerce by purchasing different commerce servers in relation to the change in technology Stanford-Smith and Kidd 2000.The presence of e-business and e-commerce has enabled Starbucks Company to consistently purchasing numerous advanced registers and coffee machines to replace the old systems. The use of these new systems has contributed to the improvement of staff‘s efficiency and the speed, with the inclusion of assisting the shops to produce better quality coffee products. The use of these new materials and processes has resulted in the company. Starbucks Com pany and coffee houses no longer experience annoying queues to be served. This ensures the Starbucks considerably expand its customer base, and assist in the improvement of better customer relations.E-business has become one of the few technologies strategies that have been sort of by many companies and organizations. Through this technology, companies are able to improve their facilities by the use of the internet, intranet and extranet in ensuring that they have both intra and extra communication within the company, and the outside world.... Some of the issues that need to be addressed include poor communication between the staffs, customers and the external world. Rationale for The process mapping of Starbucks technological advancement Starbucks has made some efforts to improve customer communication. This has been central to design evaluation. These efforts include development of the brand in order to improve customer experience. One of these processes involved improvement of internal communications in the effort to ease customer base connection. Sophisticated feedback machinery sees to it that customer’s feedback is collected and acted upon in an effective and timely manner. One of such an effort includes the intention by the company to partner with Square’s GPS mobile for improved payments. In addition, through GPRS, the customer can be able to receive alerts on any updates including special offers. Starbucks can also get alerts whenever a returning customer has returned for more. Furthermore, Starbucks was named the most popular social media brand. It uses several social media sites to reach out new customers and continued communication with the old customers. Some of the popular sites used by Starbucks include Facebook, Twitter, and Foursquare. In addition, the company has adopted the use of digital network in its stores. With Wi-Fi availability, the company is able to entertain customers with digital networks. The process mapping of Starbucks technological advancement The Intertwining E-business and Starbucks can be intertwined. This is because e-business uses tools like mobile phones, file transfer, video conferencing, internet, intranets, and extranet to improve the administrative and operational activities. It ensures that Starbucks is in a position to access the internet to source

Specific Applications of PR & PA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Specific Applications of PR & PA - Essay Example The essay takes a descriptive approach where societal factors as well as economic factors affecting the role of public affairs and public administration are discussed. Public Relation has been recognized as one of the vital managerial functions of an organization. It is because of the fact that with effective Public Relations an organization benefits a lot like to say it helps to create a better image in the organization in times of severe crisis through removing the misunderstanding among the organization and their public, enables to provide sufficient information about the launching of their new product or services, helps to overcome resistance, removes contradictory conditions between the organization and its public and lastly it helps to announce any unfavorable conditions is going to happen in the future (Theaker, 2001). The subject matter of the study is how a Public Relations plays an important role in the context of social and economic. Before passing to the role, it is necessary to understand the concept of Public Relation. Public Relation is essentially a management function which involves monitoring and evaluating the attitudes of the p ublic which include shareholders, government, consumers, employees and the media, through continuous communication with them so as to establish and maintain a mutual relationship and understanding between an them and the organization. In other words it can be told as a managerial function which assists in establishing and maintaining the mutual flow of communication, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an organization and its publics through keeping in touching with the public, by calling a conference, working with press or through communicating with the employees. Public Relation plays an important role in the organization in terms of social and economic context. In the context of social, the organization should be very careful in choosing the Public Relation applications. Because every organization stands in the society and has a responsibility to protect the interest of the society in general, so there arises the duty of organization to choose an effective Public Relation. The society comprising of people near to the company must be aware of the policies or the product that is going to launch. If any decision is taken which may influence the society negatively ultimately it may affect the smooth running of the organization. So before going to execute any programs for communicating with the society it must evaluate or analyze opinion of the society (Sriramesh, 2003). For this Public Relation should be an effective one. An effective Public Relation can establish and maintain a mutual relationship between the organization and its public. Such P ublic Relations helps the organization to know about the likely comment about the product and the organization. On other hand in the context of economic, there is no doubt that the adoption of Public Relation in the organization will not be a waste to the organization. Instead of that it will provide so many economic benefits to the organization in terms of economic. That is with the effective Public Relation an organization can achieve the objectives at very low cost as compared to other promotional

Effects of Material on Braking Abilities

Effects of Material on Braking Abilities Abstract: The most important utility in our lives as of today is automobiles, there is a lot of research and development is going in every section of the automobile field to give the safest possible vehicle to the world. One such is Brakes section; this is very important part in every vehicle, though we have most accurate and efficient brakes now-a-days, but they fail at the extreme conditions of heat , vibrations , high frequencies etc., this project is mainly concentrated on the aspects which are causing adverse affect to fail and create unusual   disturbances in the brakes. One such is brake squeal, an unwanted sound which is caused due to the vibration of the brake pads against the disc generating the high pitch noise. There are few other problems which leads into the high frequency problems, vibrations, tear in the brake disc etc. Here in this project a detailed study of disc brake is taken into account by considering with two different materials cast iron and aluminium alloy. The performance of brake is studies using normal stress analysis, vibration analysis and thermal analysis. The main problem of squeal can be due to the combination of vibration in brake set-up from callipers to the brake discs. And can also due to the uneven surfaces of the brake disc which causes due to the improper heat dissipation in the brake disc, all this problems are kept into consideration and this analysis are carried out for brake disc with two different materials as mentioned. A simple change in the design of brake disc has also been done for the maximum heat dissipation and this design also studied in this extreme conditions. And these two type brake disc are compared in all its possibly calculated attributes and the best one is concluded. Introduction: An automobile is a creation of history when they started and now it has become a crucial part of the world. Automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, good etc. There has been a lot of improvement in the automotive field in all ways from the past few decades. The main aim of the automotive department is to provide safest vehicle from its design to the material used for each component. Every single thing is decided on basis of the effect of it on the human lives. The vehicles we use are very efficient when compared with older generation vehicles, the safety increases with the development and technology. But there are few problems which are yet to be solved. One such is about brakes, as we know BRAKES are the most important part in the every moving body, we have seen very drastic improvement in the methods of braking system. In olden days the brakes were handled by hand and now we have disc brakes and hydraulic brakes.   But the whole concept of brakes is working on same principle of kinetic energy is converted into heat energy. We find brakes very commonly used in cars, bikes, aeroplanes, automated machines etc. Brake is a device which decelerates the vehicle or machine by converting its kinetic energy into other form of energy, which will bring the vehicle down to the rest. We have disc brakes now which require very less amount of effort and time to stop the vehicle due to its accuracy and sensitivity; this are widely used in vehicles now-a-days. The drum brakes were used for very long time and we use even now, these were also very efficient brakes but due to the very common issues of changing the brake pads very often due to the short hand braking or improper usage, this has been replaced by disc or hydraulic in few machines. But we have found very common issues in disc brakes due to the brake rotor and brake pads. Due to the high friction while short braking we get unwanted noise brake squeal, though it doesnt have much effect on the performance of the vehicle, but it may fail the brake due to the tear o f brake disc or brake pads. A detailed study of each problem will be studied in further report taking disc brake system. History of Brakes: Invention of brake has started with the automated machines; brakes came into light mainly when the motorised wheeled vehicles came into existence. Brakes were not only used in the vehicles, these are used in other machines as brake lever to stop the motion rotor and so on. It has been an essential part of the moving systems. Brakes have developed a lot from first generation vehicles to present time. Early braking systems used steel rimmed wheels to stop the vehicle, which consists of curved wooden block designed to bear against the steel tire when operated by a single leverage system from the driver seat. But the brake shoe used was normal way of braking either in the horse drawn vehicle or steam locomotive. In 1895 Michelin Brothers move a step ahead to replace the steel rimmed wheels with the pneumatic rubber tire to come out with a new braking system as the brake shoes were no longer satisfactory.   A new method of braking system was required in those times as two early devices attempted to apply the friction force to the axle or to drum on axle or transmission shaft were not efficient as wanted. One method was use of wooden block inside a flexible contracting metal band which when pressed together would tighten the drum causing friction between the drum, which is connected to the wooden block and w heel, then the vehicle gets slow down. The other method was inner wheel or brake drum which will add an external contracting band to bear against the drum to bring the vehicle to rest. In 1899 Daimler started cable operated braking system; a cable was wound around a drum and attached to the chassis, so that when the cable is tightened when car was moving forward, the rotation of drum will increase the tightness and grip of cable, so that it will reduce the amount of force required to pull the cable-lever on the pedal to stop the moving vehicle. This brake system worked well but still the braking efficiency was less, the added efficiency called servo assistance is still an important factor in drum brakes even today. The external brake was vulnerable to the atmospheric conditions like weathering and to un-even roads which caused a rapid loss of efficiency and wear of the brake shoe lining and on few times automatic brake use to happen due to the drum expansion. To overcome all these problems an internal shoe brake was developed were the expanding the brake shoes were placed the inside the brake drum, mainly to protect from the dust and weather. Originally early brakes were operated by mechanically, i.e. the transformation by mechanical system was used to expand the brake shoes against drum by the drivers effort applied on the brake pedal. It works by pressing the brake pedal, which make cam to rotate by a lever connected to pedal, which forces the shoes to come on contact with the brake drum. And springs attached to both of the brake shoes to retain the original position when brakes are released. As the early brakes use to operate on lever supported cables and linkage system of fixed rods, equalising the same amount of brake pressure on the wheels has presented many problems , which were solved when hydraulic system was introduced, which used fluid to transfer the force applied to the brake pedal. In hydraulic braking system the set-up of cylinders and pipe lines forms a closed system which is filled with fluid. The pressure generated in master cylinder will transmit equal force to the each wheel cylinder and then equal pressure is applied to all brake shoes. This hydraulic system is used with the disc brake as well. Disc brake is more efficient braking system which was used mostly sports car when introduced but now it has been a very common system in passenger vehicles. It has a disc and a calliper is attached to it which can be operated mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically, electromagnetically. Types of brakes: The brakes are broadly explained as using friction, pumping or electromagnetism. But one brake system can also use more than one principle. As the project is based on the disc brake we will look forward only to discuss about the frictional brake. Frictional brakes: These types of brakes are mostly rotating devices with a stationary pad attached with a rotating surface. These types of brakes are widely used even now in modern automotive braking system. Basically this are developed from band brakes to drum brakes then to the disc brakes. Band brakes: A simple type of brake, works on a principle that a band is wrapped round the rotating drum. When a force is applied on the lever, the restraining torque is found from the difference in tension between the two ends of the belt. The principle of operation of the band brake is same as for belt drives. This is external type braking system, as we see in picture the brake shoe are mounted on the drum. Ref: http://school.mech.uwa.edu.au/~dwright/DANotes/brakes/intro/intro.html Drum shoe brakes: This type of brake usually mean the brake shoe is mounted to press the inside surface of the drum. Two brake shoes are connected with a calliper set-up; it has lining on it which will create a frictional force when pressed towards the moving surface of the vehicle. These types of drum brakes are still used in modern cars due to the some cost and engineering benefits. These are applied to the rear wheels of today cars. Ref: http://school.mech.uwa.edu.au/~dwright/DANotes/brakes/intro/intro.html Disc Brake: these most widely used brake of these days, A disc is mounted on the wheel or axle and brake pads are placed within the jaws of the calliper, this is give the necessary friction when it will grip on the brake disc. Ref: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/disc-brake3.jpg Characteristics of brakes: Brakes are described on basis of several characteristics as Peak force: The maximum force obtained to decelerate the vehicle is called peak force. Few times this can be more than the traction limit of tires, then the wheel gets skid Continuous Power dissipation: As we know that the brakes get hot in use and get fail when the temperature gets too high, the maximum amount of power that dissipates through the brake without failure is the continuous power dissipation. Fade: Due to the over heat of the brakes the surface of the brake pads or disc get fade which will cause decrease in the effectiveness of brakes. Few times even cooling will have big effect on to fade. Power: when a very less force leads to the braking force, which is higher than the other brakes in similar class then its stated as powerful brake, which is due to the sensitivity of the brake system. Durability: Friction brakes have the lining which has wear surfaces, these to be renewed periodically.   Like brake shoes, pads or brake disc. Even if wear surface due to brake shoe generates high peak force this will lead to wear quickly. Weight: In some circumstances brakes are often mounted on wheels, this can disturb the traction significantly. Here weight means brake itself or an additional support structure Noise: generally brakes create some minor noise when applied, but sometimes create a high pitch noise called squeal or grinding noise. Principles of braking system: Brakes work on simple principle to slow down the moving vehicle by applying an external force, it may use more than one component; directly or indirectly several components effect on the momentum of the moving vehicle. Various types of process are used for braking effect. Frictional brakes are most commonly used these days, these works on the simple mechanism of changing the kinetic energy into the heat energy, which is done by only factor friction. Friction is created when a stationary brake pad grips on the moving brake disc with a force applied. This type of braking system is also used in the disc brakes; the stationary brake pads rub on the disc rotor which moves relatively in its own axis. Basic laws of braking system: Braking system can be explained by two simple Newton laws; which will explain the whole concept of the braking system As we know that the Newtons second law The net force on an object is equal to the its mass times its acceleration and points in the direction of the acceleration F = m* a The law is used to find out the net force required by brake pads to bring the moving vehicle to rest, tough there are many other factors to be considered for calculation of brake force which will be discussed further. It can also be explained through Newton first law Every object remains at rest or in motion in a straight line at constant speed unless it is forced to change its state by an external force if we check this law, an external force (brake force) is required to change the state of the vehicle (motion to rest). As this law explained the evaluation of the brake force and system of braking, a further law explains how the brake force will stop the vehicle. Law of thermodynamics: Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed; it will be converted from one form of energy to other form. This explained the frictional force (brake force) is converted into the heat energy. Factors considered while Braking: There are many factors to be considered for the high braking efficiency and performance; here we will see the few important factors which have a more effect on braking efficiency. 1. Condition of disc rotor: An uneven disc or ruffed disc rotor will decrease the braking effect; it has to be very well maintained as few a times due to dust and weather a extra layer is formed on the disc surface which will have a negative effect on the braking concept. Or wear of disc rotor due to overheat. 2. Pressure on brake rotor: A sufficient amount of brake pressure is to be maintained to get enough frictional force to stop the vehicle. If less pressure is applied it will directly affect the brake efficiency as force acting on the two rubbing surface will become less. 3. Contact surface: The area of contact between the brake pads and disc rotor should be more then the high friction is obtained. If lining of brake pads or surface of disc rotor is uneven then area of contact will be less, which will affect the brake efficiency. 4. Tyres: The design of tyre also have a normal affect on the brake efficiency, the more the contact of tyre to the road surface the good will be the braking system. Worn tyres will have less braking action and will not allow vehicle to stop the required point and may also skid, braking action is found high in new tyres due to its more contact with the road surface. There are other factors which also play an crucial part in brake efficiency like aerodynamics, heat dissipation, weight of body etc., Causes of failure: The most commonly found causes for the brake failure are 1. Oil or grease on the brakes will cause failure as it interferes with the friction. If we found oil in brakes mean the oil seal has failed and is why oil is leaking. 2. Overheat of brakes to great degree, which will develop a hot spot on the rotor and drums. This spots will resist the friction from brake shoe and pads, therefore braking power is lost and brake fails. 3. Brake squeal which indicates the tear in the brake pads, by the time the brakes start making a grinding sound, they would have worn out past the pads to rotors. This will require to change more than just brake pads for new one, which will increase replacement cost as well. 4. Improper wheel alignment or disturbance in the steering system will also lead into the failure of brakes. Even if the mass of vehicle will get out of its range due to extra load will cause a brake failure due to the uneven load distribution. DISC BRAKE Introduction: Disc brakes came into existence in 1890s in England. But due to the poor state of roads and dusty conditions the disc and pads use to get rust and get wear, so the system got non-viable at that time. But later it was fully adopted in 1950s with new innovations in the previous design. Many companies started using it in their cars as it was better when to compared with drum brakes, the main reason as it has overcome the brake fade problem by providing the resistance to the brake components and overall performance is better when compared with drum brakes.   Disc brakes become popular in sports cars due to its braking performance. Now it has been common in commercial vehicles as well, as its used at front of the vehicles, as the front brakes perform most of the braking effort. Components: A disc brake assembly consists of a 1. Cast-iron disc (disc rotor) that rotates with the wheel. 2. Calliper assembly attached to the steering knuckle (operated mechanically or hydraulically). 3. Friction materials (disc pads) that are mounted to the calliper assembly. Operation: (Hydraulically powered) Disc brakes prove to be efficient when compared with drum brakes even the working principle is same for both systems. The basic principle of braking system The kinetic energy is converted into heat energy   When brake pedal is pressed, the hydraulic pressure is applied on the piston; it pushes the brake pad to get in contact with the disc. As the pressure increases the calliper pushes the outside pad to get in contact with the disc. Due the friction generated between pads and disc will create the braking force as the pads gets in contact fully with the disc rotor. But if we study the disc brakes widely, it shows that it does not use the much of the friction between the lining and rotor to increase the braking power as drum brakes does, they likely cause a pull between them. Disc brakes have constrained self-energizing action, there has to be sufficient hydraulic pressure to get the required braking force. The braking force can be increased by changing the size of calliper piston. Even less heat dissipation occurs as the friction surface is exposed to the air, which also reduces the braking fade.   Design of disc rotor: generally disc rotors are either solid or ventilated. The ventilated type disc rotor has cooling fins in the middle of the disc to ensure good cooling. Proper cooling ensures longer pad life and it also prevents fading. Some ventilated rotors have spiral fins which allow more air flow and better cooling. These fins are mounted on side of the vehicle and directional. Spiral fins are used in the front of the vehicles as front brakes take most of the braking action as more heat generates. Ref: https://pontiworld.com.au Design of calliper: The calliper are used as floating calliper or fixed calliper design, and these are mounted on the axle or attached to the wheel. Floating calliper type: The calliper are used as floating calliper or fixed calliper design, and these are mounted on the axle or attached to the wheel. this type of calliper requires less parts than the other type and its also less in weight and economical. Based on requirement it consists of one or two pistons. The piston is either side of the calliper. Hydraulic pressure from the main cylinder is generated and the piston thus press the brake pad towards the disc, then instantly an equal hydraulic pressure is generated at the other side and right brake pad pushed towards disc rotor and vehicle stops due to the braking force. Fixed calliper type: The calliper are used as floating calliper or fixed calliper design, and these are mounted on the axle or attached to the wheel. This type of calliper design has piston on both sides of the calliper, which provides the equal force to each brake pad. These fixed calliper types can set-up either one or two pistons on each side. The two pistons can generate a more braking force and a compact design, as these absorb and dissipate more heat, due to its size and weight. This design is capable for greater number of hard stops of short brakes without the effect of brake fade. Materials used for component: The material used for disc rotor plays an important role in braking force. The material should be tuff enough to stand on high pressures and high friction forces. Generally cast iron is used for disc rotor commercially, but ceramic discs are used for high-performance vehicles and heavy automobiles. Recent study shows that aluminium alloys also do a great job as disc. Now we will discuss in detail about the commonly used materials cast iron and aluminium alloys. Cast iron: Grey cast iron alloy is used for the manufacturing of disc rotor; it has superior properties and various advantages over other materials, as it best suitable for manufacturing and machining when compared with other materials which lead to the graphite lubricating the cut and breaking the chips. It contains 2.5%-4% of carbon and greater than 2% of silicon.   This material has good wear resistance and galling which leads to self lubricating due to the graphite flakes. The graphite microstructure of grey cast iron allows less shrinkage. The silicon percentage in the grey cast iron makes the material corrosion resistance and increases its fluidity when casting which also makes material easy to weld. Compared with other alloys of the cast iron, grey cast iron has low tensile strength , the good point about this material is the shock and impact resistance is almost doesnt exist. Here we will see the properties of the grey cast iron for ASTM 60, Tensile strength 62.5 Kpsi Compressive strength 187.5 Kpsi Shear modulus of rupture 88.5 Kpsi Modulus of elasticity ( Tension ) 20.4 - 23.5 Mpsi Modulus of elasticity ( Torsion ) 7.8 - 8.5 Mpsi Endurance Limit 24.5 Kpsi Brinerll Hardness 302 H_b Specific heat 447 j/kg deg Ref: http://www.engineershandbook.com Characteristics of Grey cast iron: Wear resistance: Grey cast iron works as excellent resistance to sliding friction wear, it is widely used for manufacturing of sliding components, most of the automobile components are made up of this item, its all because of the low coefficient of friction, resistance to the galling it has which is due to the effect of graphite flakes . This will help the disc rotor to withstand for high friction forces. Thermal conductivity: The important merit of grey cast iron is its high thermal conductivity, due to its flake graphite structure, heat dissipates occurs in material with good rate. This will increase the cooling of the disc rotor Machinability: Due to the ferrite graphite structure, grey cast iron is simplest and easiest alloys for machining and casting. This will make easy to get the typical designs of the disc rotor with spiral and fins Damping capacity: Grey cast iron has high ability to absorb vibration energy and also damping vibrations, which is due to the high percentage of the graphite flakes it has in it. It also has great property to resist high frequency vibrations. This will help disc rotor Aluminium Alloys: Aluminium is the important alloy of aluminium alloys, were the other metals are copper, silicon and magnesium. It has less tensile strength and low melting pointing. It has good casting characteristics due to its great levels of silicon (4-13%) in it. It is widely used as disc rotor due to its corrosion resistance.   But this is quite expensive when compared with cast iron. Though is in light in weight, has good electrical and thermal conductivity. It does also can be recyclable. All these properties brought a change in many industries to change their traditional materials i.e., aluminium alloys. Characteristics of aluminium alloys: Light weight: The best part of this material is its light in weight, actually its one third of steel in weight, due to its specific weight of 2.7 g/cm3. The more the energy consumed by aluminium the high will be the load capacity of the vehicle.   This will decrease the vibrations and also increases the brake efficiency due to its light weight. Properties of the aluminium alloys: Density 2600-2800 kg/m3 Melting point 660 deg Elastic modulus 70-79 Gpa Poisson's ratio 0.33 Tensile Strength 230-570 Mpa Yield Strength 215-505 Mpa Percent Elongation 10-25% Thermal expansion coefficient 20.4 -25.0 10-6 /k Thermal conductivity: its used in most of the high conductivity line like power transmission, it has twice of the copper in the properties, and its a good conductor of heat and electricity. This will increase the heat dissipation of the disc rotor. Ductility and recyclability: Due to the lower density and melting point, the material is considered as ductile, this will help to the complicated design, as we need in the disc rotor with spiral fins and groves for the air dissipation. Recyclability is also one great factor of aluminium as it consumes only 5% of the energy to melt it, and it doesnt affect its original quality of aluminium. Corrosion resistance: This is the main factor which made it to select for disc rotor manufacturing. It has a natural property of corrosion resistant as it surfaces form an oxide coating on it. While using as disc rotor further surface treatments like lacquering and anodising are done to increase its resistance towards corrosion. Major problems with Disc Brakes: The disc rotor of Disc Brakes is more exposed to the air, due to which there are very frequent chances of getting damaged. Usually this damage of disc rotor is explained in four common ways warping, cracking, rusting and scarring. Few a times the damage takes the disc into the unsafe area then the new disc is replaced with damaged ones. But sometimes using simple machining and other process this damages can be overcome. As scratches or damage on disc rotor can be removed by removing the thin layer on the disc on lathe machine if after that the thickness of the disc falls in the safe dimensions for the braking force. Warping: This is caused due to the excessive heat of the friction area of the disc rotor, due to excessive shorthand braking, uneven cooling of disc may also causes warping. If braking pads get into contact of disc excessively this will lead to warping after certain times, this warping is most commonly found in the racing cars as brakes are used very frequently due to speed and used at high gear times. There are few methods which can avoid the warping, braking at lower gear which will help to reduce the braking load on the brakes, and less heat is generated. The more the braking load, the more the heat generated and more the chances of improper cooling to take place. Changing the disc design with more fins can few times avoids warping. Improper installation of disc rotor may also leads to the warping as only the overwhelmed disc will come in contact with the brake pads. Cracking: This is found mainly in the drilled disc. Cracking occurs mostly around the edges and holes of the disc, due to the uneven expansion in severe environments. As the uneven expansion take place and the braking load varies every time the brake is applied which will lead to the cracking. And in several situations the disc will fail and no possible repair can be done. Even cracking can be overcome by maintaining proper the cooling of the disc and proper heat dissipation. If cracking is become severe then there might be a chance to replace the disc rotor. Rusting: This is found in the vehicle which are not used for period of time, the regular use keeps the friction area clean, but when not in use the friction area and slots get rusted and it reduces the braking power, due to which the strength of the disc also falls down and at this conditions disc should replace with new one. Scarring: Scarring occurs if something hard gets in contact with the disc while moving, which forms a hard spot on the disc, which reduces the braking power and weakens the brake. Generally this happens when the brake pad service life come to end and still its attached to the brake set-up then the steel support of the brake pad get in contact with the disc which creates a hard scratch. These scratches will form black slots when a vehicle come in use, and reduces the structure strength. This can be avoided by regular checking of brake pads checking life of the friction layer, machining the disc to remove the layer on surface of disc which removes the scratches. There are few phenomenal problems which has been a challenging task in braking department like brake squeal, brake judder and brake dust. These problems can be dangerous when they get on excessively. Change of design, material, brake assembly setup all these have been checked extensively to find out the perfect solution for these problems, this project is undertaken based on this problems. Lets discuss in detail about these problems and what are the methods being simplified to overcome it. Brake Squeal: squeal mean noise, this brake noise is a vehicle system problem due to the regularity and severity. The noise generated is mainly because of brake and suspension components together. This is not considered as the main problem to the vehicle were performance is the initial objective, but its not so proper for the road use. This noise is mainly between the pad and disc during the braking. But squeal can also be combination of disc, calliper and brake pads. To avoid squeal under the braking condition is not so possible, if we are assuming brake to absorb very high energy inputs. Actually this brake squeal came into account when front wheel drive and metallic brakes arrived. These metallic pads are harder than asbestos counterparts, and thus more squeal is observed if there are more irregularities and roughness on the rotor surface or if you found looseness between the pads and callipers. Few types of calliper designs are more noisier, if the pads of this callipers are not fitted so tightly and the calliper itself move around when brakes are applied. The more the brakes play the more are the chances of noise. Fixing the squeal problems in wrong way can lead to the squeal more worse. Brake squeal also occurs due to vibration of brake pads towards the disc rotor when vehicle is moving at low speed, this may not affect the braking performance much but will lead to the replacement of brake pads, this is very common problem which most of the vehicles are facing now.   Lot of methods are used to reduce the level of noise,   simple methods like having chamfers to the linings, applying grease between the pads and calliper, adding the brake shim between   the brake back plate and brake pads etc., these may help in some way to reduce the noise. Ref: http://www.aa1car.com/library/bsqueal.htm While using the methods to reduce the brake noise, have to assume the vehicle suspension system which acts more on the braking system, but at the end the squeal is avoided by trial and error method. Although we see an efficient improvement in understanding the actual reason for the brake squeal, it has been difficult to solve it. It was easily verified through the design and study to overcome the squeal, but it was different case practically. The failure was mainly caused because of the dynamic behaviour of the braking system and due to the gap between braking components. The easiest way was using high temperature Effects of Material on Braking Abilities Effects of Material on Braking Abilities Abstract: The most important utility in our lives as of today is automobiles, there is a lot of research and development is going in every section of the automobile field to give the safest possible vehicle to the world. One such is Brakes section; this is very important part in every vehicle, though we have most accurate and efficient brakes now-a-days, but they fail at the extreme conditions of heat , vibrations , high frequencies etc., this project is mainly concentrated on the aspects which are causing adverse affect to fail and create unusual   disturbances in the brakes. One such is brake squeal, an unwanted sound which is caused due to the vibration of the brake pads against the disc generating the high pitch noise. There are few other problems which leads into the high frequency problems, vibrations, tear in the brake disc etc. Here in this project a detailed study of disc brake is taken into account by considering with two different materials cast iron and aluminium alloy. The performance of brake is studies using normal stress analysis, vibration analysis and thermal analysis. The main problem of squeal can be due to the combination of vibration in brake set-up from callipers to the brake discs. And can also due to the uneven surfaces of the brake disc which causes due to the improper heat dissipation in the brake disc, all this problems are kept into consideration and this analysis are carried out for brake disc with two different materials as mentioned. A simple change in the design of brake disc has also been done for the maximum heat dissipation and this design also studied in this extreme conditions. And these two type brake disc are compared in all its possibly calculated attributes and the best one is concluded. Introduction: An automobile is a creation of history when they started and now it has become a crucial part of the world. Automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, good etc. There has been a lot of improvement in the automotive field in all ways from the past few decades. The main aim of the automotive department is to provide safest vehicle from its design to the material used for each component. Every single thing is decided on basis of the effect of it on the human lives. The vehicles we use are very efficient when compared with older generation vehicles, the safety increases with the development and technology. But there are few problems which are yet to be solved. One such is about brakes, as we know BRAKES are the most important part in the every moving body, we have seen very drastic improvement in the methods of braking system. In olden days the brakes were handled by hand and now we have disc brakes and hydraulic brakes.   But the whole concept of brakes is working on same principle of kinetic energy is converted into heat energy. We find brakes very commonly used in cars, bikes, aeroplanes, automated machines etc. Brake is a device which decelerates the vehicle or machine by converting its kinetic energy into other form of energy, which will bring the vehicle down to the rest. We have disc brakes now which require very less amount of effort and time to stop the vehicle due to its accuracy and sensitivity; this are widely used in vehicles now-a-days. The drum brakes were used for very long time and we use even now, these were also very efficient brakes but due to the very common issues of changing the brake pads very often due to the short hand braking or improper usage, this has been replaced by disc or hydraulic in few machines. But we have found very common issues in disc brakes due to the brake rotor and brake pads. Due to the high friction while short braking we get unwanted noise brake squeal, though it doesnt have much effect on the performance of the vehicle, but it may fail the brake due to the tear o f brake disc or brake pads. A detailed study of each problem will be studied in further report taking disc brake system. History of Brakes: Invention of brake has started with the automated machines; brakes came into light mainly when the motorised wheeled vehicles came into existence. Brakes were not only used in the vehicles, these are used in other machines as brake lever to stop the motion rotor and so on. It has been an essential part of the moving systems. Brakes have developed a lot from first generation vehicles to present time. Early braking systems used steel rimmed wheels to stop the vehicle, which consists of curved wooden block designed to bear against the steel tire when operated by a single leverage system from the driver seat. But the brake shoe used was normal way of braking either in the horse drawn vehicle or steam locomotive. In 1895 Michelin Brothers move a step ahead to replace the steel rimmed wheels with the pneumatic rubber tire to come out with a new braking system as the brake shoes were no longer satisfactory.   A new method of braking system was required in those times as two early devices attempted to apply the friction force to the axle or to drum on axle or transmission shaft were not efficient as wanted. One method was use of wooden block inside a flexible contracting metal band which when pressed together would tighten the drum causing friction between the drum, which is connected to the wooden block and w heel, then the vehicle gets slow down. The other method was inner wheel or brake drum which will add an external contracting band to bear against the drum to bring the vehicle to rest. In 1899 Daimler started cable operated braking system; a cable was wound around a drum and attached to the chassis, so that when the cable is tightened when car was moving forward, the rotation of drum will increase the tightness and grip of cable, so that it will reduce the amount of force required to pull the cable-lever on the pedal to stop the moving vehicle. This brake system worked well but still the braking efficiency was less, the added efficiency called servo assistance is still an important factor in drum brakes even today. The external brake was vulnerable to the atmospheric conditions like weathering and to un-even roads which caused a rapid loss of efficiency and wear of the brake shoe lining and on few times automatic brake use to happen due to the drum expansion. To overcome all these problems an internal shoe brake was developed were the expanding the brake shoes were placed the inside the brake drum, mainly to protect from the dust and weather. Originally early brakes were operated by mechanically, i.e. the transformation by mechanical system was used to expand the brake shoes against drum by the drivers effort applied on the brake pedal. It works by pressing the brake pedal, which make cam to rotate by a lever connected to pedal, which forces the shoes to come on contact with the brake drum. And springs attached to both of the brake shoes to retain the original position when brakes are released. As the early brakes use to operate on lever supported cables and linkage system of fixed rods, equalising the same amount of brake pressure on the wheels has presented many problems , which were solved when hydraulic system was introduced, which used fluid to transfer the force applied to the brake pedal. In hydraulic braking system the set-up of cylinders and pipe lines forms a closed system which is filled with fluid. The pressure generated in master cylinder will transmit equal force to the each wheel cylinder and then equal pressure is applied to all brake shoes. This hydraulic system is used with the disc brake as well. Disc brake is more efficient braking system which was used mostly sports car when introduced but now it has been a very common system in passenger vehicles. It has a disc and a calliper is attached to it which can be operated mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically, electromagnetically. Types of brakes: The brakes are broadly explained as using friction, pumping or electromagnetism. But one brake system can also use more than one principle. As the project is based on the disc brake we will look forward only to discuss about the frictional brake. Frictional brakes: These types of brakes are mostly rotating devices with a stationary pad attached with a rotating surface. These types of brakes are widely used even now in modern automotive braking system. Basically this are developed from band brakes to drum brakes then to the disc brakes. Band brakes: A simple type of brake, works on a principle that a band is wrapped round the rotating drum. When a force is applied on the lever, the restraining torque is found from the difference in tension between the two ends of the belt. The principle of operation of the band brake is same as for belt drives. This is external type braking system, as we see in picture the brake shoe are mounted on the drum. Ref: http://school.mech.uwa.edu.au/~dwright/DANotes/brakes/intro/intro.html Drum shoe brakes: This type of brake usually mean the brake shoe is mounted to press the inside surface of the drum. Two brake shoes are connected with a calliper set-up; it has lining on it which will create a frictional force when pressed towards the moving surface of the vehicle. These types of drum brakes are still used in modern cars due to the some cost and engineering benefits. These are applied to the rear wheels of today cars. Ref: http://school.mech.uwa.edu.au/~dwright/DANotes/brakes/intro/intro.html Disc Brake: these most widely used brake of these days, A disc is mounted on the wheel or axle and brake pads are placed within the jaws of the calliper, this is give the necessary friction when it will grip on the brake disc. Ref: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/disc-brake3.jpg Characteristics of brakes: Brakes are described on basis of several characteristics as Peak force: The maximum force obtained to decelerate the vehicle is called peak force. Few times this can be more than the traction limit of tires, then the wheel gets skid Continuous Power dissipation: As we know that the brakes get hot in use and get fail when the temperature gets too high, the maximum amount of power that dissipates through the brake without failure is the continuous power dissipation. Fade: Due to the over heat of the brakes the surface of the brake pads or disc get fade which will cause decrease in the effectiveness of brakes. Few times even cooling will have big effect on to fade. Power: when a very less force leads to the braking force, which is higher than the other brakes in similar class then its stated as powerful brake, which is due to the sensitivity of the brake system. Durability: Friction brakes have the lining which has wear surfaces, these to be renewed periodically.   Like brake shoes, pads or brake disc. Even if wear surface due to brake shoe generates high peak force this will lead to wear quickly. Weight: In some circumstances brakes are often mounted on wheels, this can disturb the traction significantly. Here weight means brake itself or an additional support structure Noise: generally brakes create some minor noise when applied, but sometimes create a high pitch noise called squeal or grinding noise. Principles of braking system: Brakes work on simple principle to slow down the moving vehicle by applying an external force, it may use more than one component; directly or indirectly several components effect on the momentum of the moving vehicle. Various types of process are used for braking effect. Frictional brakes are most commonly used these days, these works on the simple mechanism of changing the kinetic energy into the heat energy, which is done by only factor friction. Friction is created when a stationary brake pad grips on the moving brake disc with a force applied. This type of braking system is also used in the disc brakes; the stationary brake pads rub on the disc rotor which moves relatively in its own axis. Basic laws of braking system: Braking system can be explained by two simple Newton laws; which will explain the whole concept of the braking system As we know that the Newtons second law The net force on an object is equal to the its mass times its acceleration and points in the direction of the acceleration F = m* a The law is used to find out the net force required by brake pads to bring the moving vehicle to rest, tough there are many other factors to be considered for calculation of brake force which will be discussed further. It can also be explained through Newton first law Every object remains at rest or in motion in a straight line at constant speed unless it is forced to change its state by an external force if we check this law, an external force (brake force) is required to change the state of the vehicle (motion to rest). As this law explained the evaluation of the brake force and system of braking, a further law explains how the brake force will stop the vehicle. Law of thermodynamics: Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed; it will be converted from one form of energy to other form. This explained the frictional force (brake force) is converted into the heat energy. Factors considered while Braking: There are many factors to be considered for the high braking efficiency and performance; here we will see the few important factors which have a more effect on braking efficiency. 1. Condition of disc rotor: An uneven disc or ruffed disc rotor will decrease the braking effect; it has to be very well maintained as few a times due to dust and weather a extra layer is formed on the disc surface which will have a negative effect on the braking concept. Or wear of disc rotor due to overheat. 2. Pressure on brake rotor: A sufficient amount of brake pressure is to be maintained to get enough frictional force to stop the vehicle. If less pressure is applied it will directly affect the brake efficiency as force acting on the two rubbing surface will become less. 3. Contact surface: The area of contact between the brake pads and disc rotor should be more then the high friction is obtained. If lining of brake pads or surface of disc rotor is uneven then area of contact will be less, which will affect the brake efficiency. 4. Tyres: The design of tyre also have a normal affect on the brake efficiency, the more the contact of tyre to the road surface the good will be the braking system. Worn tyres will have less braking action and will not allow vehicle to stop the required point and may also skid, braking action is found high in new tyres due to its more contact with the road surface. There are other factors which also play an crucial part in brake efficiency like aerodynamics, heat dissipation, weight of body etc., Causes of failure: The most commonly found causes for the brake failure are 1. Oil or grease on the brakes will cause failure as it interferes with the friction. If we found oil in brakes mean the oil seal has failed and is why oil is leaking. 2. Overheat of brakes to great degree, which will develop a hot spot on the rotor and drums. This spots will resist the friction from brake shoe and pads, therefore braking power is lost and brake fails. 3. Brake squeal which indicates the tear in the brake pads, by the time the brakes start making a grinding sound, they would have worn out past the pads to rotors. This will require to change more than just brake pads for new one, which will increase replacement cost as well. 4. Improper wheel alignment or disturbance in the steering system will also lead into the failure of brakes. Even if the mass of vehicle will get out of its range due to extra load will cause a brake failure due to the uneven load distribution. DISC BRAKE Introduction: Disc brakes came into existence in 1890s in England. But due to the poor state of roads and dusty conditions the disc and pads use to get rust and get wear, so the system got non-viable at that time. But later it was fully adopted in 1950s with new innovations in the previous design. Many companies started using it in their cars as it was better when to compared with drum brakes, the main reason as it has overcome the brake fade problem by providing the resistance to the brake components and overall performance is better when compared with drum brakes.   Disc brakes become popular in sports cars due to its braking performance. Now it has been common in commercial vehicles as well, as its used at front of the vehicles, as the front brakes perform most of the braking effort. Components: A disc brake assembly consists of a 1. Cast-iron disc (disc rotor) that rotates with the wheel. 2. Calliper assembly attached to the steering knuckle (operated mechanically or hydraulically). 3. Friction materials (disc pads) that are mounted to the calliper assembly. Operation: (Hydraulically powered) Disc brakes prove to be efficient when compared with drum brakes even the working principle is same for both systems. The basic principle of braking system The kinetic energy is converted into heat energy   When brake pedal is pressed, the hydraulic pressure is applied on the piston; it pushes the brake pad to get in contact with the disc. As the pressure increases the calliper pushes the outside pad to get in contact with the disc. Due the friction generated between pads and disc will create the braking force as the pads gets in contact fully with the disc rotor. But if we study the disc brakes widely, it shows that it does not use the much of the friction between the lining and rotor to increase the braking power as drum brakes does, they likely cause a pull between them. Disc brakes have constrained self-energizing action, there has to be sufficient hydraulic pressure to get the required braking force. The braking force can be increased by changing the size of calliper piston. Even less heat dissipation occurs as the friction surface is exposed to the air, which also reduces the braking fade.   Design of disc rotor: generally disc rotors are either solid or ventilated. The ventilated type disc rotor has cooling fins in the middle of the disc to ensure good cooling. Proper cooling ensures longer pad life and it also prevents fading. Some ventilated rotors have spiral fins which allow more air flow and better cooling. These fins are mounted on side of the vehicle and directional. Spiral fins are used in the front of the vehicles as front brakes take most of the braking action as more heat generates. Ref: https://pontiworld.com.au Design of calliper: The calliper are used as floating calliper or fixed calliper design, and these are mounted on the axle or attached to the wheel. Floating calliper type: The calliper are used as floating calliper or fixed calliper design, and these are mounted on the axle or attached to the wheel. this type of calliper requires less parts than the other type and its also less in weight and economical. Based on requirement it consists of one or two pistons. The piston is either side of the calliper. Hydraulic pressure from the main cylinder is generated and the piston thus press the brake pad towards the disc, then instantly an equal hydraulic pressure is generated at the other side and right brake pad pushed towards disc rotor and vehicle stops due to the braking force. Fixed calliper type: The calliper are used as floating calliper or fixed calliper design, and these are mounted on the axle or attached to the wheel. This type of calliper design has piston on both sides of the calliper, which provides the equal force to each brake pad. These fixed calliper types can set-up either one or two pistons on each side. The two pistons can generate a more braking force and a compact design, as these absorb and dissipate more heat, due to its size and weight. This design is capable for greater number of hard stops of short brakes without the effect of brake fade. Materials used for component: The material used for disc rotor plays an important role in braking force. The material should be tuff enough to stand on high pressures and high friction forces. Generally cast iron is used for disc rotor commercially, but ceramic discs are used for high-performance vehicles and heavy automobiles. Recent study shows that aluminium alloys also do a great job as disc. Now we will discuss in detail about the commonly used materials cast iron and aluminium alloys. Cast iron: Grey cast iron alloy is used for the manufacturing of disc rotor; it has superior properties and various advantages over other materials, as it best suitable for manufacturing and machining when compared with other materials which lead to the graphite lubricating the cut and breaking the chips. It contains 2.5%-4% of carbon and greater than 2% of silicon.   This material has good wear resistance and galling which leads to self lubricating due to the graphite flakes. The graphite microstructure of grey cast iron allows less shrinkage. The silicon percentage in the grey cast iron makes the material corrosion resistance and increases its fluidity when casting which also makes material easy to weld. Compared with other alloys of the cast iron, grey cast iron has low tensile strength , the good point about this material is the shock and impact resistance is almost doesnt exist. Here we will see the properties of the grey cast iron for ASTM 60, Tensile strength 62.5 Kpsi Compressive strength 187.5 Kpsi Shear modulus of rupture 88.5 Kpsi Modulus of elasticity ( Tension ) 20.4 - 23.5 Mpsi Modulus of elasticity ( Torsion ) 7.8 - 8.5 Mpsi Endurance Limit 24.5 Kpsi Brinerll Hardness 302 H_b Specific heat 447 j/kg deg Ref: http://www.engineershandbook.com Characteristics of Grey cast iron: Wear resistance: Grey cast iron works as excellent resistance to sliding friction wear, it is widely used for manufacturing of sliding components, most of the automobile components are made up of this item, its all because of the low coefficient of friction, resistance to the galling it has which is due to the effect of graphite flakes . This will help the disc rotor to withstand for high friction forces. Thermal conductivity: The important merit of grey cast iron is its high thermal conductivity, due to its flake graphite structure, heat dissipates occurs in material with good rate. This will increase the cooling of the disc rotor Machinability: Due to the ferrite graphite structure, grey cast iron is simplest and easiest alloys for machining and casting. This will make easy to get the typical designs of the disc rotor with spiral and fins Damping capacity: Grey cast iron has high ability to absorb vibration energy and also damping vibrations, which is due to the high percentage of the graphite flakes it has in it. It also has great property to resist high frequency vibrations. This will help disc rotor Aluminium Alloys: Aluminium is the important alloy of aluminium alloys, were the other metals are copper, silicon and magnesium. It has less tensile strength and low melting pointing. It has good casting characteristics due to its great levels of silicon (4-13%) in it. It is widely used as disc rotor due to its corrosion resistance.   But this is quite expensive when compared with cast iron. Though is in light in weight, has good electrical and thermal conductivity. It does also can be recyclable. All these properties brought a change in many industries to change their traditional materials i.e., aluminium alloys. Characteristics of aluminium alloys: Light weight: The best part of this material is its light in weight, actually its one third of steel in weight, due to its specific weight of 2.7 g/cm3. The more the energy consumed by aluminium the high will be the load capacity of the vehicle.   This will decrease the vibrations and also increases the brake efficiency due to its light weight. Properties of the aluminium alloys: Density 2600-2800 kg/m3 Melting point 660 deg Elastic modulus 70-79 Gpa Poisson's ratio 0.33 Tensile Strength 230-570 Mpa Yield Strength 215-505 Mpa Percent Elongation 10-25% Thermal expansion coefficient 20.4 -25.0 10-6 /k Thermal conductivity: its used in most of the high conductivity line like power transmission, it has twice of the copper in the properties, and its a good conductor of heat and electricity. This will increase the heat dissipation of the disc rotor. Ductility and recyclability: Due to the lower density and melting point, the material is considered as ductile, this will help to the complicated design, as we need in the disc rotor with spiral fins and groves for the air dissipation. Recyclability is also one great factor of aluminium as it consumes only 5% of the energy to melt it, and it doesnt affect its original quality of aluminium. Corrosion resistance: This is the main factor which made it to select for disc rotor manufacturing. It has a natural property of corrosion resistant as it surfaces form an oxide coating on it. While using as disc rotor further surface treatments like lacquering and anodising are done to increase its resistance towards corrosion. Major problems with Disc Brakes: The disc rotor of Disc Brakes is more exposed to the air, due to which there are very frequent chances of getting damaged. Usually this damage of disc rotor is explained in four common ways warping, cracking, rusting and scarring. Few a times the damage takes the disc into the unsafe area then the new disc is replaced with damaged ones. But sometimes using simple machining and other process this damages can be overcome. As scratches or damage on disc rotor can be removed by removing the thin layer on the disc on lathe machine if after that the thickness of the disc falls in the safe dimensions for the braking force. Warping: This is caused due to the excessive heat of the friction area of the disc rotor, due to excessive shorthand braking, uneven cooling of disc may also causes warping. If braking pads get into contact of disc excessively this will lead to warping after certain times, this warping is most commonly found in the racing cars as brakes are used very frequently due to speed and used at high gear times. There are few methods which can avoid the warping, braking at lower gear which will help to reduce the braking load on the brakes, and less heat is generated. The more the braking load, the more the heat generated and more the chances of improper cooling to take place. Changing the disc design with more fins can few times avoids warping. Improper installation of disc rotor may also leads to the warping as only the overwhelmed disc will come in contact with the brake pads. Cracking: This is found mainly in the drilled disc. Cracking occurs mostly around the edges and holes of the disc, due to the uneven expansion in severe environments. As the uneven expansion take place and the braking load varies every time the brake is applied which will lead to the cracking. And in several situations the disc will fail and no possible repair can be done. Even cracking can be overcome by maintaining proper the cooling of the disc and proper heat dissipation. If cracking is become severe then there might be a chance to replace the disc rotor. Rusting: This is found in the vehicle which are not used for period of time, the regular use keeps the friction area clean, but when not in use the friction area and slots get rusted and it reduces the braking power, due to which the strength of the disc also falls down and at this conditions disc should replace with new one. Scarring: Scarring occurs if something hard gets in contact with the disc while moving, which forms a hard spot on the disc, which reduces the braking power and weakens the brake. Generally this happens when the brake pad service life come to end and still its attached to the brake set-up then the steel support of the brake pad get in contact with the disc which creates a hard scratch. These scratches will form black slots when a vehicle come in use, and reduces the structure strength. This can be avoided by regular checking of brake pads checking life of the friction layer, machining the disc to remove the layer on surface of disc which removes the scratches. There are few phenomenal problems which has been a challenging task in braking department like brake squeal, brake judder and brake dust. These problems can be dangerous when they get on excessively. Change of design, material, brake assembly setup all these have been checked extensively to find out the perfect solution for these problems, this project is undertaken based on this problems. Lets discuss in detail about these problems and what are the methods being simplified to overcome it. Brake Squeal: squeal mean noise, this brake noise is a vehicle system problem due to the regularity and severity. The noise generated is mainly because of brake and suspension components together. This is not considered as the main problem to the vehicle were performance is the initial objective, but its not so proper for the road use. This noise is mainly between the pad and disc during the braking. But squeal can also be combination of disc, calliper and brake pads. To avoid squeal under the braking condition is not so possible, if we are assuming brake to absorb very high energy inputs. Actually this brake squeal came into account when front wheel drive and metallic brakes arrived. These metallic pads are harder than asbestos counterparts, and thus more squeal is observed if there are more irregularities and roughness on the rotor surface or if you found looseness between the pads and callipers. Few types of calliper designs are more noisier, if the pads of this callipers are not fitted so tightly and the calliper itself move around when brakes are applied. The more the brakes play the more are the chances of noise. Fixing the squeal problems in wrong way can lead to the squeal more worse. Brake squeal also occurs due to vibration of brake pads towards the disc rotor when vehicle is moving at low speed, this may not affect the braking performance much but will lead to the replacement of brake pads, this is very common problem which most of the vehicles are facing now.   Lot of methods are used to reduce the level of noise,   simple methods like having chamfers to the linings, applying grease between the pads and calliper, adding the brake shim between   the brake back plate and brake pads etc., these may help in some way to reduce the noise. Ref: http://www.aa1car.com/library/bsqueal.htm While using the methods to reduce the brake noise, have to assume the vehicle suspension system which acts more on the braking system, but at the end the squeal is avoided by trial and error method. Although we see an efficient improvement in understanding the actual reason for the brake squeal, it has been difficult to solve it. It was easily verified through the design and study to overcome the squeal, but it was different case practically. The failure was mainly caused because of the dynamic behaviour of the braking system and due to the gap between braking components. The easiest way was using high temperature

Metabolic Control Analysis(MCA) Essay -- Science Biochemistry

Introduction: In 1970s, a new method called (Metabolic Control Analysis) for analysing the distribution control of the flows and medium concentrations in the metabolic path between different enzymes that form the corridor, was developed by Henrik Kacser and other scientists. Since then, attention was paid to more research in this method and its applications, and developing analytical and educational tools (Wildermuth, 2000). In the flowing literature review, some examples of the significance of Metabolic Control Analysis, pros and cons will be discussed. Literature review: At first glance, engineering a metabolic system with aim of raising metabolite's yield or flux during a metabolic pathway system, could be done through the method of identifying and controlling, which called rate-limiting-steps. Rate-limiting steps is a certain steps in the paths that exercising the most control over the whole system. Though the good features of this method, the majority of experiments that were tried using that method to increase the pathway fluxes ended up with failure (Walker and Raply, 2009). In fact, the control of the system as a whole is distributed across the system’s components much more than esteemed. This area of distributed is a part of sensitivity analysis, which offered lots of applications for many engineering specializations and for economics as well. According to (Walker and Raply, 2009 ; Gunawardena, 2002), metabolic control analysis (MCA), was developed in 1973 in Edinburgh, by Henrik Kacser and Jim Burns, and, autonomously in Berlin in1974, by Reinhart Heinrich and Tom Rapaport through application of the general concept of sensitivity analysis, to provide a precise quantitative basis to determ... ... control and regulation. However, it is a good point to start for improving access to a deeper understanding better than what can be given by qualitative of conventional biochemistry. Works Cited Fell, D. (1997). Understanding the Control of Metabolism. London: Portland Press. Walker, J., & Raply, R. (2009). Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Wildermuth, M. C. (2000). Minireview Metabolic control analysis: biological applications and insights. Genome Biology, 1(6). Retrieved May 1, 2011, from http://genomebiology.com/2000/1/6/reviews/1031 Gunawardena, J. (n.d.). Notes on Metabolic Control Analysis. Papers and Presentations from the Virtual Cell Program. Home of the Virtual Cell Program, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School. Retrieved January 9, 2011, from http://vcp.med.harvard.edu/papers.htm

Fahrenheit 451 Part 1 Essay

1. The image that this creates is that the firemen do not care at all if a house is burning. They joke around saying that they want to pull out some marshmallows and roast them from the burning house. 2. The significance of Montag seeing his reflection in Clarisse’s eyes is that she is not like everyone else. She has a special feature that not everybody else has. 3. Montag had a child memory of one time as a child when there was a power failure, and his mother had found and lit a last candle and then he found a hour of rediscovery, of such illumination that space lost its vast dimensions and drew comfortably around them, and they, mother and son, alone, transformed, hoping that the power might come on soon again. 4. Clarisse thinks that Montag is not very happy and that he is not in love. He also laughs when she is not funny and answers before he is done thinking. 5. 5: The McClellans do funny things to classify themselves as peculiar. First of all the girl thinks to much, she talks about men in the moon, and changes the subject when things get uncomfortable in a conversation. Also, the uncle was arrested becuase he was a padestrians. Another thing about the family, is they sit around with all of the lights on in the house to talk to each other. 6. 6: She asked Montag if he was happy. This is a question that pertains to the plot because it is the question posed that gets him thinking. He really wonders, is he happy, and eventually he finds out that he is not happy. Even though he keeps telling himself he is. 7. 7: He compares her to a dial of a small clock. That you can see the lines of her face like the minute and the numbers on the clock. It glows, like the numbers on the clock. 8. Two other similes are one, her eyes were like a mirror. She is showing what he could be. Not everyone is the same. One other is said that Clarisse is like a marionette show. 9. The bedroom that Montag enters was dark and really quite. As he walks through the room he knows that there is something on the floor but he still hits. The sitting characterizes 10. The smile on Montag’s face goes away because he finds his wife lying on the bed motionless. She had have an over doss on sleeping pills and he was really sad. Montag’s answer to Clarisse’s question was yes when she first asked him but when he started to think about it more about it he wasn’t happy. 11. The event that occurs that night which provides Montag with an impression of the state of society is when he finds his wife lying on the bed because she had for gotten that she already had taken her pills. The impression was that she was dead. 12. In contrast, Montag hears and longs for someone who will want to listen to him. He wants someone to love and be happy with. He is not happy in his life right now because no one loves him. 13. The new idea for the parlor walls is adding another wall or the fourth wall. This excites Mildred because she can have more people to talk to and she can have more characters.

Blog 7 Essays - Payment Systems, Money, Finance, Economy

Blog 7 Essays - Payment Systems, Money, Finance, Economy Blog 7 The company I chose, Apple Inc. is very famous company we know. Recently, some credit card owners report that some people was using the stolen credit card to buy items on apple pay lead to credit card owners lost money. Because apple pay doesn't need to provide actual credit card and signature. Apple Inc. can't distinguish whether the credit card data are fraudulent. It causes consumers lose faith in Apple Inc. and credit card suppliers. Thus, apple should increase security and protection on method of payment. Discovering new method of payment are useful for definite the customer. From Komonews, I also find out that about 100 million credit cards data were stolen from 2013 to 2014 by hackers or from Home Depot. Even some websites sold credit card information. However, credit monitoring won't help customers by credit card being been compromised as an excise. For solving this situation, credit card companies are required to develop new "chip and pin" technology. It will be difficult to counterfeit and replicate than before. I believe that more security and protection will increase development of economic.

WEB AUDIT of FRESHLINE ORGANICS

WEB AUDIT of FRESHLINE ORGANICS Free Online Research Papers The purpose of this report is to present the finding of the web audit for the company named above. The company is owned by certified grower Werner Frtsch while the online website is the partnership venture equally owned by Werner Frtsch and his wife Lily that distributes Freshline’s groceries. Organisational Objective The organisational objectives of Freshline Organics Pty Ltd are as follow:- Promoting Sale of Organic Groceries and Products Online. Similar to Freshline’s differentiated high quality focus strategy for its’ physical stores, its online activities aim to extend this strategy to the internet. Freshline.com.au has taken over the main purpose of the online activities, namely the sale of organic groceries over the internet and their delivery. To supplement the online sales, it also sells other organic dry products (i.e. nuts, grains and dried fruits) as well as environmentally-friendly products (i.e. skin care, hair care, bath/shower, baby care and household cleaning). On time Deliveries of Fresh Groceries to Customer at an affordable price. Freshline differentiates its service with high freshness, accuracy and punctuality enabled by delivery teams of efficient van drivers. Promoting Health Eating Lifestyle by consuming organic harvested food. Much of the organic produce comes directly from organic farms certified by Australian Certified Organic (ACO) in the Serpentine district south-east of Perth. The remainder of the produce is purchased from organic and conventional wholesalers. For instance, the biodynamic meats which sell to customers are supplied by Boatshed Quality Meats. Positioning of the digital strategy and web site image. The messages promoted from Freshlines’ traditional and online media are complementing each other. Just like its’ physical shops, their online offer uses a differentiation strategy targeting the upmarket. The services is designed to target affluent, busy people who have no time to shop, possible not living close to Freshline shops, but still prefer Freshline over other grocery shops or supermarkets. Using the table below, Freshline online does try to attract the same kind of customers that also visit the store, but also tries to snap up customers that are not satisfied with the services offered by other online groceries shops. Source: Mohammed, Rafi A. Fisher, Robert J. Jaworski, Bernard J., Paddison, Gordon J. 2003. Internet Marketing, International Edition. New York, McGraw-Hill. Being located in western suburb of Perth, where Freshline has its strongest presence, allows a strong brand leverage of the existing Freshline brand. Added to Freshline’s high quality products, their online business can differentiate itself from online competitors with the service that focus on supplies of high freshness organic groceries to customers on time at affordable costs. Competitive Analysis 1) Orgainic Collective (organiccollective.com.au) The Organic Collective is a small West Australian owned business offering a reliable online service of delivering mixed seasonal certified organic groceries to customers in the Fremantle and Perth Metro area. Organic Collective centres on delivering right to your door and letting consumer decide the delivery arrangements. If customer was not at home to receive delivery, arrangement can be made with delivery man like placing of the delivery in a sheltered position on the front veranda or a pre-determined location, etc The vibrant site breaks down the products into 6 different categories(organic fruits vegetable mix box, organics groceries, environment cleaning products, personal care products, organic supplements and other organic products to choose from and, when clicking the link, gives you the different products under categories. The site offers PayPal system for customers to make payment online. 2) Mimsbrook Farm Biodynamic Food Stores (biodynamic-food.com/index.html) Mimsbrook Biodynamic/Organic Food Store provides a convenient farm location for the residents of Perth to purchase quality biodynamic/organic groceries, milk, dry goods and meat that are grown and farmed without using synthetic fertilisers or pesticides. It is a family business operated by Ms Carmel Bainbridge and her son Steven Bradtke, both of whom have been committed to certified biodynamic agriculture in Western Australia since Year 1995. Not only Mimsbrook website look very impressive, it also does has something that other online organic shops do not, that is â€Å"Holiday† other that organic groceries and products. Clicking on an icon †Holiday† on the left column of homepage links you to another webpage which offers a holiday accommodation at Mimsbrook farm Guesthouse near Perth, Western Australia. This webpage displays various prices for suites/studios at this fantastic farm Guesthouse. If customers wish to book an accommodation, all you have to is to click at this host name icon â€Å"Carmel Bainbridge† for website to generate an email to send it to the host. Once the receiving email with necessary information is verified and confirmed with customers, the host will prepare accommodation for them. 3) Organic N Green Shop (organicngreen.com.au) Organic N Green Shop is a â€Å"one stop† online shop comprising an organic shop and cafe in Wanneroo, Western Australia, Its’ services include the selling of full range of organic fruits, vegetables, meats, dairy, groceries, cakes, personal care, baby care, laundry items, etc and home delivery of its products. The Organic green.com has a clean layout homepage with clear statement about what the company does. The company logo is prominently on top left hand corner of homepage and in proximity to a list of function keys, services and products offered within the site. The search key is also unique in the fact that the user can start shopping right away if they know the products they want by searching for keywords that brings up all products with that name, allowing for easy shopping. In addition, Organic Green shop offers cash discount for first time customers who surf the website; print homepage and show it entitles a 15% discount for the organic groceries purchases for the first time. Alternately, the customers can use to waive delivery charge for their first home delivery order. Content and maximisation of digital and Internet features An audit analysis includes a comprehensive evaluation of the following areas was carried out:- 1. Homepage Assessment The homepage of the freshline.com is quite neat and it provides online visitors with key information about the business as well as the products and services the business. The company logo† is prominently positioned on top centre of homepage and in close proximity to clickable menu which is easily accessible. 2. Framework and Navigation Overall, the framework and navigation of the Freshline.com is intuitive and easy to navigate. The navigation placed on the left column of the page is a consistent feature throughout the website. Navigation links for each page are also positioned prominently and easily located. The Navigation links do have expended information to further describe the content of the destination. The web pages contain anchor links to facilitate fast browsing. Standardize placement of navigation, header and footer helps to orient the online users at all times. 3. Layout Design / Use of Graph Page layout and design of Freshline.com looks simple and easy to understand. The recurring text, modules and graphics are consistent throughout the pages on the website. The fonts used on the website are of good sizes which the content easy to read. Freshline.com.au uses some of picture jpg and icons to enhance its’ webpage but it did not fully utilize graphics or picture to promote the online products 4. Site Content The site contents in Freshline.com are clear and concise enough regardless of the user’s field of expertise. The mention of the company history is brief and to the point. The website which strongly promoting health eating lifestyle further elaborate the meanings of some organic terms used (i.e. organic food, farming, biodynamic food, Australia certified organic, etc). This clarity of the site content as well as its’ organization has played a major role in keeping and converting the visitors into customers. 5. Feedback and Contacts Freshline.com encourages both current and prospective customers contact them with feedback and suggestion by using interactive form provided within the website. 6. Privacy policy Lack of privacy policy as online customers are increasingly concerned about their privacy with regards to online shopping and repayment of goods. 7. Interactive Elements (Forms) Freshline.com uses this feature to enhance some sections of the website:- o Contact and feedback from which allows user to input feedback and suggestion. o Ordering of organic product using online Shopping Cart. o Payment of online goods via the secure credit payment page. All form labels are alighted with their controls and positioned intuitively for the user. 8. Search Engine optimization (SEO) SEO refers to key components programmed into a web page which search engines will index, store and reference when queries into those topics. Based on my finding, though each contains title tags that summarise the content of the page. But the description tags are not utilized within each page which prevent the appropriate information from being displayed in a search engine listing as well as reduces search engine visibility of the page. 9. Search Engine Visibility Many web users start their search for product and company information through the use of a general search or directories. To determine how easy it is find this freshline.com.au from web, I have conducted search exercise on Australian Top five search engines using the company name and keyword/key phases. The results are summarized below. Keyword Position for Freshline.com.au on Australian Search Engines Directories as of 10 Sept 2009 Keywords Google Australia Yahoo!7 Nine MSM (Bing) Ansearch.com Australia AltaVista Australia Freshline 1 1 1 1 1 Freshline organics 1 1 1 1 1 Organics 15 Not on first 5 page Not on first 5 page Not on first 5 page Not on top 5 page Organics grocery 7 49 29 16 14 Biodynamic meat 8 9 6 12 9 Online groceries shop Australia 13 8 19 24 8 Basically, this website can be found across the web using the company name â€Å"Freshline† and Freshline organics. 10. Site Search Module No search function is available which used specified words or instruct a search engine to retrieve information within this website. Summary The Sample, Inc., website has a reasonably good, clean and simple design that will not intimidate or confuse visitors to the site. Navigation menus are well positioned and are consistent throughout the entire site. Good navigation is important for a site that contains so many products and pages. The current online strategy deployed (using digital and internet features that we discussed before the summary) has able to increase some foot traffic into their shops as well as visitors to Freshline.com but the impact of increase is not very significant. Because of website’s limitations:- Web-pages look unattractive, even quite boring for anyone to look further. Website did not use these: Search Engine Optimization (SE0), Search Engine visibility, site search module, etc to boost web traffic and visibility . Freshline is not able to attract big volume of online customers to the website. A more thorough dissuasion will be discussed in next assessment 3 on development of a digital strategy for this business. References freshline.com.au Australia Certified Organic (bfa.com.au/) Mohammed, Rafi A. Fisher, Robert J. Jaworski, Bernard J., Paddison, Gordon J. 2003. Internet Marketing, International Edition. New York; McGrawHill. organiccollective.com.au organicngreen.com.au/ biodynamic-food.com/index.html google.com.au/ http://au.yahoo.com/ http://ninemsn.com.au/ ansearch.com.au/ http://au.altavista.com/ Research Papers on WEB AUDIT of FRESHLINE ORGANICSAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self